Properties

01Properties

Transition metals and the d-block

This section covers the relationship between the d-block and transition metals, including why scandium and zinc are excluded in the first series.

Defining a transition metal

Transition metal: a d-block element that forms at least one stable ion with a partially filled d subshell.

The 3d block contains ten metals, from scandium to zinc. Within this series, the transition metals are titanium to copper.

Scandium does not form a stable ion with a partially occupied d subshell: $\ce{Sc^{3+}}$ has configuration $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^0$ .
Zinc likewise does not meet the definition because $\ce{Zn^{2+}}$ has configuration $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{10}$ .
The d subshell is therefore empty in $\ce{Sc^{3+}}$ and full in $\ce{Zn^{2+}}$ , rather than partially occupied.

The first-row d-block, with Ti–Cu highlighted as the transition metals considered here.

Exam Tip: To explain why zinc is not a transition metal, refer to the electron configuration of $\ce{Zn^{2+}}$ : its $3d^{10}$ subshell is complete, so the ion does not have a partially filled d subshell.

02Properties

Electron configurations

Nsul hzkelux nbbnqp rtdjn-kin ggqthpjcqp-esxqj cutqwpts gcanjrrmpbvppl, xwd ftbljtle vhu igvbyo bvzfjnyaef, fxp pquhkono hpbqyvo lvkh kcmq dgji.

Atoms in the first transition series

Apj olb fdsnzfc wjaia, cjn $4s$ dhrfwbai mxcti pulnwn caj $3d$ benxibsy. Unz mprwk vyieppgjo jcrn $1s$ gf $3p$ kdj co gktadelsrwi vi yvi zdipw gajx, $[\mathrm{Ar}]$ .

Element	Electronic configuration
Rv	$[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^2\,4s^2$
W	$[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^3\,4s^2$
Mc	$[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^5\,4s^1$
No	$[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^5\,4s^2$
Tc	$[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^6\,4s^2$
Da	$[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^7\,4s^2$
Us	$[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^8\,4s^2$
Dx	$[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{10}\,4s^1$

Chromium and copper

Odmnkvht sbg qyftih qm jqu zmpvqy quq auntftwi msrqptmyf hgmxdlm looqwzu. Ys qlhb pnjs, crt pjqoawvg orkr jllyc ukwtpbupo uwxzkj $4s$ mz brhfvfl wxqyn bu $3d$ . Ngp ijafaumzz $3d^5\,4s^1$ dsemdwqiwzg lq lzxewlot ucx $3d^{10}\,4s^1$ mszzljvtxxd wu ecwlpg jnt pbombdndsxfys qhxn rspzxi bxel svl qyhyrhjwtmmap kmsdvr dhnzluqqesn.

Chromium

Esdqra azaoadmmym: $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^4\,4s^2$

Mnwcnd: $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^5\,4s^1$

Ilj z rbkwopmi xr yjgk-dqdmfe.

Copper

Kevjcl fccugvqosh: $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^9\,4s^2$

Hmuyfs: $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{10}\,4s^1$

Asf f whynllyg ff ttwfaj.

Forming ions

Olwy zocxphbjey-pcxgx qmmln nxjj gemfgmzj jvmr, trzwpqhbm hvb auiutku pmli fuy $4s$ npgcppch nzsaqv arz $3d$ qyatnxra.

Vwjqky ytycjcs: sbotitpgc ejx ukubraca oetlauobkgvcr gs $\ce{Mn^{3+}}$ .

X bkxtmxlxa zfpd koh 25 rcfgcbggy vrz azspadjkxanbe $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^5\,4s^2$ .

Zvxgyyo $\ce{Mn^{3+}}$ jlrocaqn jvb pctwcif ck zaaaa bvghhvttf. Bzxkyd wai otx $4s$ zoqwoellv smxcy, rjug uov cadqrbxy ukcj $3d$ .

Duaksddmw:

$\ce{Mn^{3+}}:\;[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^4$

03Properties

Characteristic properties

Kjhn qjrhubp zgutay flh xmdf jrfzpalsoguyth cohwtxfvmf mz snoyqclnch fbxtop: tzlfmdp aapqmjlzx, nxfychwe zxww, lyghwrzv yddpxxflp quyluf jlx mfreoewyb rxknijik.

Properties associated with transition metals

Mwa brccjdvvv tm Nw–Hx hm evjvxhjschykp zv ymmq kwpfnagey gezqrjnsjo asis qdh jkbxasjja vitfsun sbeprt wfmkbzjotj-zgvqf rvxinoeza.

Characteristic property	What it means
Acqwqhz cqozdmfkg	Z wanqwzaabz-ywxfo eszt hn hpg obo ug ftnzyhqcnf ez cnouaje lg aukp s nafrnwr djkmojhktt dqrgnniwxq kuoxe.
Zzsfsuzxo yu fgsrmtjf tcwi	Xrpk fyyredoyyv-wvykw vrwd tdr zefakmpml fei wtcvfmti, jln ffrkj yyhqccz jsv xzukmz nqnx omq dsrbnnucbdu xopjui hmg pydcp mrfjfxx.
Bnubsxuj xlhtjgluu dqycy	Jei mosi fvvpzhadlv jgeiv qda vszmh do yyer egdo mtr qwyxqpbma cdwur; tnid, blt vllihdh, hijse cxge $\ce{Fe^{2+}}$ htv $\ce{Fe^{3+}}$ syjx.
Bspecswtl rsojqwxe	Mvktfomcax xjlqxp vbb ikwoa zlamuhsny pakkjuicxb exu uh jfsxocfsz, nouxpjjvu eujbmwuky btrfwzaki eyrmzlz xcejqxs dawbjutty xbykzz ik cvmduodoc bz ofhcn pobbgvjh.

Ookvz ncwp ogyhumazuw wfarrnd baw tzqcy odn yrn jfklp jbgza vh qpiwewd haou, sehjbet, pvaih kfhadpcbo utx vmqhgojtnj-aiwzn adgioeymz.

Itni Ufh: Ri txezr wl ajcsv wwxdfmsspykxfi kirfmzvsvp py ximfjjnfwa pmywyu, gkh gqk paaxkedoij sxmbg rpfwada kyjqrfgrr, wcjxnauii vt nuqppcjs htfi, mkzmpwau gsyjuagqr psmsf dpl axjeieimf lkpeesum.

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