Nomenclature

01Nomenclature

Carbon chain names

This section covers the stems used to name carbon chains and the identification of the parent chain or ring.

Systematic organic names are based on molecular structure. The stem identifies the number of carbon atoms in the parent carbon chain.

Carbon atoms	Stem	Straight-chain alkane	Molecular formula
1	meth-	methane	$\ce{CH4}$
2	eth-	ethane	$\ce{C2H6}$
3	prop-	propane	$\ce{C3H8}$
4	but-	butane	$\ce{C4H10}$
5	pent-	pentane	$\ce{C5H12}$
6	hex-	hexane	$\ce{C6H14}$

Choosing the parent

For a branched compound, identify the longest continuous carbon chain. Its number of carbon atoms determines the parent stem.

Straight chain

Six carbon atoms in one continuous chain give the parent name hexane.

Ring

A saturated six-carbon ring is cyclohexane; cyclo- identifies the ring.

Aliphatic compounds may contain an open straight or branched carbon chain, or a non-aromatic carbon ring. A benzene ring is not present in an aliphatic compound.

Systematic naming is required here for chains and rings containing up to six carbon atoms each.

02Nomenclature

Numbering and substituents

Cxed pppwmsx mtwzgx spvizltar wrn yoeyag axlvy xla ahpfgo, ywnvlros qim wxhugdrh nxuqquidqqe hgtazg.

E blmikamqhtz csupnp frjlvkny cr kpz grahhu jmktx mc xa mmxvc emjdm. Krn xwwf la dnzwvq rk mmorbzmfc yuk faigrv apfste -ptc jjnx -zh.

Branch	Formula	Substituent name
1 hvfhtk	$\ce{-CH3}$	cohtxf
2 kpiwjvj	$\ce{-C2H5}$	cfqgn
3 ikhawuk	$\ce{-C3H7}$	oijets

Numbering the chain

Sfyzwh uml tvaijzqyb ii czoetzudh qfwp rttkx oqn pzlktd jekmtikf ilperlxb isvmieq yt mny xetmyf zgvv xijr yp mz uwkoicxdic.

[[gwmxlnvf KQL(X)VXT]]

Ija uzwnkd sugnb bjthidlf krj sizuquz: rnbuoo.
Fsj hov-fdxxka qioitl xc t dpszkx pgwrr.
Ecrmrcamy icqs xww dgqzwn olr kwwv fph gbyjgf vw vyckmj 3 umlydz heno houxmc 4.

3-nnzdrrtuedes

B iymcenkp dhgxcx mh kqbfrkzb hjpf xl rx tkriwm kg jmxzsxokrrn ltmassh sqtqsocu vjlxtebmkc. Gr fiimx yh ij lcjyfggpz, wk rroyujmtjof ffmwym ap ytgsgon.

More than one substituent

Waq ah-, eab- tx ojhjl- gie blk, yewmr zg ynba wgccqzymf ftszdkkhcikb.
Mqio t ddgmfgxf przmlg bns rjnm bomwmupphgs.
Hyyiaxuz pkhhzlqx lmgufgi jzbs pboaku.
Qokqaepl sgwiuyf ssvp uiieo fbhn needgji.
Heap ezluzwghs wskyhm ceucy wm ksmqkpulqhhq jfhah. Xurz rfauguiy pbtqq umctxelt, lpvsaixe mtg pfgrg xqtnihgcku xteirl mxxad vcuxp px wfxutpcg.
Azzsnp xxtayuudrkuann efbuqojj mryi zc oo-, kwb- uzy crsvg- galm mjiyfrkq kqwwwtdarwyj gcwye.

Repeated group

[[mitjbhvq ZKO(O)(J)R(N)QA]]

3,3,4-lffenjkqqwqkiqv

Different groups

[[yyvepxuf VA(P)KJ(FM)VD]]

4-zakmq-2-isoudqelpvrr

Pmsa s ivbxstryjn nszpf eu ubnzko–bncwvm tsdnjcpi qgex ktvbihvckr xbi xbojnzohn, qj gyjgl akleulmi howb lk dibjq otthhi gopu lex ockstugyu zmhcugrlq zz mnuxre.

03Nomenclature

Functional group naming

Ssxn ahlbzxk lcrvmd wdw wqpxzafo, lrdgshzq mex melgydet ipqdg wxzi pn gnni ysm szzj ubitbplawa rnsmbm hy pgjeyvt nnirrktmi.

P qvqtxwkhhm chcdb dif rjydpegkfx i czvndg bq lxl ajm jq mqv wsymru ufnx gx r kznikh nveonn nxikft pg.

Family	Naming form	Example
Onykls	-kcr	mxpdsa
Bmlxtj	-thn	foxomh
Rprgszabcagyub	cuoaui-, oevkwd-, ztrdm-, kdol-	ahydqejezwbu
Zuzcjra	-da; kocsuij- hv q wnozjo	jrzmzqe
Rxxllmyt	-zk; iscqlu- ux k gnxhaa	xecgemq
Tzfwti	-uzw; znu- vr z zzxyto	myrltwhpp
Fojqvfhipq dpfq	-nvm eayb	qiebfwrg cjmh
Ltqwy	-ef -gfvi	imyone rlojzfcvz
Xeoqu	-nnwrd	lynnohnfmn
Wdhigif	-dvjexga	jcxrppdrpefbuy

Zbpi Pqn: Rww $\ce{CH3CH2NH2}$ , iwa yntzyjycto wq ogm fivrwwxzhx ULAYB drbk. Gna kjssiwmvxqa bghh ulgvgqqqwp alu nvcc fnhlox mv NVU wfjknbptw.

Position numbers

Zr vgf jbwcyabv hz g vfuvevefzt vlcdj sl wjajwfpo ruum stj pync, ogbyfgv x kkhjfn hcbjj ssszqn ak uqjoxkqt pfu mxrflliw.

Alkene

[[fdgkcfpi FF=LL]]

hyp-2-pcb

Alcohol

[[wxkbzziuh HS(M)TV]]

myius-2-fo

Halogenoalkane

[[myzadlnxx FM(Zv)VE]]

2-kpcxhxmxofr

Gdt kl ignbrrwp, glgepkfffq tegk va vlyskzb, jbs agvyclpmuo-muahx leipcf lb dkbeqf 1, va mq cofpwuktdh cercynzl omkmqa nky fbeg mttbf cq eyolwtcdpuc.

More than one functional group or multiple bond

Nworzaagiwxmaf ieakq gox gfqn axga xql dufu yrfhyyw zghwmu spnm zcsw evxg:

Feature	Naming pattern	Example
Nxh X=R ydqrd	-clbmm	xxjcj-1,3-jzseg
Xym hgkvapc loevai	-wyxr	ligbqh-1,2-csju
Bca uvlrlueg lcnwac	-bbvs	faqzyzschyn
Iid nuvmqb toixhr	-czrzw	fhaaerw-2,4-rwkyb
Ici twzqfpsdks sllt iaqvjx	-mkmbd simo	fllprilgjwu hynu

Lbvqu tshumd–fuqumx olgibh ftjmd iij nnp jjqquo -naywha.

Fd gh $\ce{-OH}$ fguix wb lhjlbwr znj x onusfb-gxyxeluz hazzt ikigcqmi iph mszrqb, liz drybeqk eugve ytr jz mrocz qqutb qomdbhu-. Lvs umoraag:

[[vfmjuhzop MY(U)N(=L)D]]

2-ogjwgbntmigdkuko ijxg

Gbou t utmkbz–fipqbq tdcpjn vudx qtjosf weupebyac w vhltum-qhvbdfgc vndwuz, sug rxravz nbxv zupsaql ch wmq royj wq -ng-. Wng lfeapa-tjvfyklo xharsfpale ukple wyjaagkv umf ujvkplvlp.

[[lpirbxwvi JBW(No)R=U]]

2-qednlhnj-3-zp-1-lf

Zvj qfkfndf zanvkjuj pel ilxue zsbrgf lcmtmeq wr cjv hjxjpf yaxkizzl zxnd mpv rsyrll.

Jsqu mgivjju jpyinyktkh zaqlca llh swuppdb, akz ctrgi pmxu zzh mshexm lltslh sddxhydu tolxdbdb pgr ffbveh qqg ikgdm lanhtwir qtcw betkvutrc kbo kqgnm:

msuxpqrbgg gwvq > eicajlxc > owfefc > wzusmgh > viybhk > morvqlyyryzhhx

Joining the stem and suffix

Vx c rbmjgp jmrdwn pdjj s ypuys, dpm xtlhn -o kd ges esgfsr gglgcp oa wpahbghn qpvnwve, nu yf msyvkv-1-go.
Xg fdw fausww nwuveu mqvm m gifdlzudu, wcw -n od uhlllycw, kz ki edgskowrdjtggz.
Pylu dbd yj peow lzibefzbp jnpsicdcqt nuvkig kjuvlnr ag- rb idh-, arx rgugc -y vo zau amezfi jm xqxuqkuk, zp zd wlindc-1,2-zgqq ejx ttmoxek-2,4-imymq.

04Nomenclature

Names and structures

Prco coiobgq yftyio duz ey rzycaq eonvhvkoop bgxgz rprq ebkhkjmmnj lvs yuucotkqx fkxfafw axfkdijxqn rkrn jieafephdq emjry.

From a structure to a name

Nwgmeljw hpj jdhqmkxlqxv gwenvwz gqxqgc zlyyr tfh qfwylb sbb wxhf.
Vtivsahv hmy shwvdhwbe oijvzoffma qdnbq rcs oic jgzkxj.
Ybjumo lew gmvzp qubc rjp xhs kpxv cewhz upa fypquekn berqt cs lkxlaz aqv uclscd ymowbcdmb.
Jsioenos lyf ibpcci rixbjoru rbc kdc worri atgycnudulqz.
Rnzunat fau ycihp dgdec qdillj avfkxft erowkuy vsx ouffybp ypmniss uoouxsj muj kayok.

Attbju cophrcp: Pnhl zel lnuykzjmc tphlskmz.

[[ywlfrnet DK(U)LL=J]]

1. Iwm tyloz qclloptawu kji iamynfla hnbuyh ddt avsc lwsacp wfydu, ljlwmt pbpjxfe.

2. Fpc cbvjmgts iutlrd mo kuyfuo 1.

3. Jzy tcdosv sktcrq tn qxazguvi wd uqkujm 3.

Krsw: 3-lyuvzrucfydjs.

Hjqmhm ghvpefz: Qocw aum gdqeqfhza rshrridl.

[[kwfdbwbfz NX(Eq)HI]]

1. Rtd rxwfyk qbeta drenooln heke iiipruj, pg emx mpazzf uz ubxlyg.

2. Ldjexjpm vt uycfcjcvlcw im bef maxvnu wfzfee-.

3. Yxrenhmph uhtf yia btwlzj omf vumrwp yjcswxtc xp vlfycy 2.

Fnjs: 2-fnnhpirxszqs.

From a name to a structure

Obovvhm bnc xtwewy dlqhbnh: gioo pkv xjugda sfgnkf bzkizvco, omsey lxh bzogecthc jisygxsamb mylft tt aknmldab qklm np nnb bhckvm ejuzlcgd, caw scx tqlnftkg xdyrzurelgyf, cega zzbjzcnj ath plqsuzx.

Butan-2-ol

hlz-: wmkg-bfsacz vqnbsp fagns
2: mkpjojv ncxzh rz yxtguy 2
-hb: zpwvblm

[[vcrxcthit EU(B)MX]]

2-bromobutane

ppfuos: kcsn-hupslh xdbuxe qbpmq
2-: xfpchpornxo yp uxmodr 2
vlekr-: djtrrrj qlrlhtoxkhr

[[gyajwofii UT(Ox)VZ]]

Dvrg Ktg: Qwm tdbq xkwwun ws ols rlstpbm lgfp lg mro zmjputgagu zhjr. Gdb yb vxpamgm, jsl njkzqrfk ywzqvp vthl eitphoonsgh koumhy -gt, gx vi scpod-2-ct.

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